Problems and trends of European integration in 2016–2022

This article discusses the concept of flexible integration and its varieties, which became the basis for the development of European integration after the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009. It is noted that the use of the flexible integration model had not only positive effects, but also contributed to the strengthening of disintegration potential. Lists the problems of political integration of the European region (deficiency of democracy and solidarity, the crisis of common European values and trust in the supranational bodies of the EU). Shows the main exogenous and endogenous factors of disintegration processes in Europe in 2016–2022, namely Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzes scenarios of European integration up to 2025, set out in the White Paper of the European Commission.

Keywords: European integration; flexible integration; disintegration processes; Brexit; coronacrisis; eurocrisis; European Union; European Commission White Paper.